Proposta metodológica para análise da influência do planejamento urbano na qualidade da água superficial

Abstract

The urban planning instruments and the identification of point sources of pollution are elements that must integrate the diagnosis of the framework, according to art. 4 of Resolution No. 91 of the CNRH. The present work aims at elaborating a methodological proposal to analyze the interferences of urban planning in the qualitative aspect of water bodies. This was the product A, a methodological proposal, generated by this work from bibliographic research, and based on the case study of the Corrente River Basin. In this way, the following steps were developed: cartographic analysis, with the help of Geobahia and OBahia; documental analysis, about the urban policy instruments of the cities of São Félix do Coribe and Santa Maria da Vitória; field work, for the identification of the sources of punctual urban pollution and the main activities exercised in the studied stretch of the Corrente River; water quality analysis, from data coming from the Monitora program and from already developed technical reports. The choice of the area for the methodological application is justified by the fact that the Corrrente River, which is a source of water for human supply and moves several economic activities in its surroundings, has been suffering an intense process of degradation in recent years, which if not properly mitigated, could compromise some of its uses. This justified the results of the application of the proposed methodology, having been observed the absence of instruments to discipline the parcelling, use and occupation of the soil and the presence of different point sources of pollution. However, during the period of analysis (2016 - 2021), the stretch of the water body under study was classified, most of the time, as oligotrophic, and the water quality, according to the IQA, considered good. Nevertheless, observing the individual water quality parameters, a violation of phosphorus was observed in one of the collection campaigns, and of pH and turbidity in three of the nineteen campaigns observed. Furthermore, a recent problem of fish mortality in the river and its possible cause was discussed, based on the contamination of the water by toxic substances. Finally, as suggested by the proposed methodology, the problems observed and the intervention proposals applicable to local and water resource managers were listed, aiming at minimizing the negative environmental impacts. Additionally, in view of the need to disseminate knowledge of integrated methodologies to address issues related to the quality of hydric resources, a course plan (product B) was elaborated focusing on the integration between land use and hydric resources management and the impacts on water quality, besides contributing to disseminate practical knowledge about the applicability of integrated methodology between urban planning and hydric management. The study where the developed methodology was applied showed that, in that case, it is urgent to apply the proposed intervention measures, by different institutional representations, which essentially contemplate the elimination of pollution sources, environmental inspection and monitoring, the elaboration of non- existent urban policy instruments, the monitoring of water quality and the implementation of actions related to basic sanitation, aiming at improving the quality of surface water.